漫谈爱丽丝·门罗及其短篇小说“寂静”

【爱丽丝·门罗荣获诺贝尔文学奖之后,各种介绍性文章不少。我也给我的学生布置了一篇,让她从分析短篇小说“寂静”(Silence)入手,谈谈门罗的独到之处。作业完成得不错。拿出来与大家分享】

2013年10月10日下午1时(北京时间10月10日19时),瑞典学院宣布本年度诺贝尔文学奖获得者是被誉为“当代短篇小说大师”的加拿大女作家爱丽丝·门罗(Alice Munro)。

Canadian author Alice Munro

诺贝尔文学奖评审委员会认为门罗“以其精致的讲故事的方式著称,表达清晰与心理现实主义是她的写作特色”。门罗的小说世界主要展现普通女性的爱情和家庭生活:“表达清晰”是因为门罗的作品语言朴实,句式简短,故事发展脉络极为清楚;“精致”是因为门罗的作品“轻情节、重细节”,于细微的内心活动的描写就能展现出人物的挣扎与困境。如此,门罗就将故事娓娓道来,为读者提供极大的空间去深思故事中的每一个人物、每一处情节,由此获得更加深刻的人生感悟。

尽管门罗的作品早已蜚声世界文坛,获奖无数,但是对于更加注重长篇小说的中国读者来说,这位曾在上世纪80年代来过中国的短篇小说大师还是相当陌生的。有关门罗的相关译介和研究也相当匮乏。在她的十四部作品中,仅有2004年出版的短篇小说集《逃离》,由翻译家李文俊先生于2009年翻译出版。

作为门罗在中国最知名的作品集,《逃离》由八个短篇小说组成,从不同角度讲述了一群女人的“逃离”经历。《沉寂》就是其中较为经典的一篇。

《沉寂》以全知的视角描绘了四位女性的悲情沉寂。朱丽叶 (Juliet)原本是一位极有名气的主持人,在经历了女儿离家出走、好友离世等变故后,变得愈发否定现有的生活状态,她最后远离公众视线,埋头于书本,湮没于人流之中。女儿Penelope(佩内洛普)原本离家是要到“精神平衡中心”去追求纯粹而崇高的精神生活、远离充满铜臭气的物质世界的,但最终她还是回到了物质生活之中,过上了相夫教子的生活,只是她在母亲的世界中渐渐沉寂陌生。好友Christa(克里斯塔)原本乐观开朗,总是能够开解朱丽叶,但是在病痛的折磨下,她越来越郁郁寡欢,最后病重离世。最后一位女性是诱导着佩内洛普到“精神平衡中心”的琼安,她总是以一副领导者的姿态感化年轻人以宗教信仰为中心,远离世俗生活。但是到了最后,为了生存,琼安只能到商店当一名普普通通的理货员,“精神平衡中心”早已不复存在。

虽然故事情节简单,门罗的用词也不复杂,但是在故事结束之际,读者们会被故事中所营造出来的悲伤而无奈的氛围所感染,不自觉的投入到角色之中,体味到人生的许多不得已。这正是门罗寥寥数笔就勾勒出人物复杂的心理变化的魅力所在。

以朱丽叶为例,她的沉寂过程体现在多个方面。就信仰而言,她从开始的极其渴望自由、张扬个性、不屑宗教到最后成为虔诚的宗教拥趸的过程,门罗只描写了朱丽叶对一个词语的截然不同的态度,spirituality(性灵)。一开始,朱丽叶听到这个词语只会觉得恶心作呕;最后,朱丽叶却总希望人们重视自己的性灵,在宗教中获得从容与平静。就佩内洛普对她的意义而言,门罗只用了几个形容词就将各个阶段朱丽叶的情感跃然纸上。在佩内洛普离家之前,朱丽叶认为女儿给她带来的是delight (欢乐);最初知道女儿离家出走时,朱丽叶也只是哀求地哭出声来;女儿断绝与其所有联系的时候,朱丽叶觉得狂怒;到了最后,朱丽叶接受了女儿离她远去的事实,表面上采取着无所谓的态度,她连有女儿的事情都不愿意再与亲近之人提起,可见哀莫大于心死。读者们随着门罗的精妙用词会深深体会到朱丽叶的悲伤、无可奈何以及最终对生活的妥协。

那么,小说的主题意义到底在于何处?我们应当将小说的标题“沉寂”与小说集的标题“逃离”结合起来一起分析。小说题目 “silence” 一词,不仅是指几位女性的沉寂,更是她们梦想或是幻想的破灭,也是其自我意识的不断衰弱。而文中女性之所以沉寂,是因为她们逃离而不得:朱丽叶与琼安都想逃离平凡生活而终归于平凡;佩内洛普想逃离物质生活而最终被物质所牵绊;克里斯塔想逃离疾病却最终为其所缠。这正是现实生活中女性,或是所有人的无奈。因此,读者们也意识到了生活的无情,只能与角色们一起困于沉寂之中,屈服于世俗生活的要求之下。这种读者与角色的情感互通与互动正是门罗小说的精髓之处。

因此,虽然门罗自己也坦承其写作风格并不华丽,但是她的创作却胜在用词精确,在不多的篇幅中充分运用平实的语言描绘了普通人的小事,却又极其细致的捕捉到了每一位角色的每一丝心理变化,使得读者切身体会到了许多共同的人生困境,在小说中也体味着自己的经历。文字平实而意义深远,这正是瑞典学院将门罗赞誉为“当代短篇小说大师”的原因之一吧。【作者:韩晓萌】

【RT】Alice Munro: Her subject is ‘simply life itself’

The following is a repost from The Washington Post:

Alice Munro: Her subject is ‘simply life itself’

By Ben Dolnick, Friday, October 11, 12:40 AM

Alice Munro wins Nobel Prize for literature: Alice Munro, “a master of the contemporary short story,” receives the prestigious award from the Royal Swedish Academy. The Canadian is the 13th female literature laureate in the 112-year history of the Nobel Prizes.

In describing Alice Munro, the Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood once wrote: “She’s the kind of writer about whom it is often said — no matter how well known she becomes — that she ought to be better known.”

Atwood’s dictum is about to be put to the test: Munro, the revered 82-year-old Canadian writer, has just won the Nobel Prize.

In awarding her the prize — which comes with 8 million Swedish kronor, or about $1.2 million — the committee has made official what Munro’s legions of fans have been saying for years: She is the master of the contemporary short story.

Fans won’t be surprised to hear that Munro, famously modest, responded by asking that the attention be immediately shared. “When I began writing there was a very small community of Canadian writers and little attention was paid by the world,” she said. “Now Canadian writers are read, admired and respected around the globe. I’m so thrilled to be chosen as this year’s Nobel Prize for Literature recipient. I hope it fosters further interest in all Canadian writers. I also hope that this brings further recognition to the short-story form.”

In recent years, the Nobel Prize in Literature has become an occasion, at least in North America, for sheepish shrugs and head-scratching. Herta Müller, Mo Yan, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Cl éz io — for many of us, the Nobels have become doubly educational: We simultaneously learn of an author’s existence and find out that we ought to have been reading him or her all along.

This year, then, came as something of a relief. Those rumored to be under consideration — Haruki Murakami, Philip Roth, Munro — were all household names, more likely to be found on our bookshelves than in our crossword puzzles.

And even among those authors, none inspired quite the reverence among readers — and writers — that Munro does. Mention to a serious bibliophile that you like her and the conversation will shift to a solemn, almost embarrassingly private register, as if you’d interrupted cocktail party chatter to reveal a family secret.

This love seems always to be revealed with a certain hesitancy. This has mostly to do with the fact that Munro is explicitly a writer of short stories. Until she retired this year, her collections had been issuing from Canada as steadily as weather bulletins.

Beginning with “Dance of the Happy Shades” in 1968 and ending with “Dear Life” in 2013, her career has been a shower of stories. Thus, there is no single mountain peak — no “Beloved,” no “American Pastoral” — to which one can assuredly point and say: Read this and you’ll understand. Ask Munro fans which book to start with, and they’ll say, “Well, have you read ‘The Beggar Maid’? Oh, but what about ‘Open Secrets’? Or maybe ‘Hateship, Friendship’?” Pretty soon your suitcase is brimming with her essential works.

Munro’s publishers have tried, at various points, to cull the field. Everyman’s Library published a handsome volume of her selected stories in 2006. Vintage had done the same in 1997, and then again, more sparingly, in 2005.

Prize committees have done their parts to introduce her to the world, as well: She won the Man Booker International Prize in 2009, the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1998 and enough Giller prizes that she decided a few years ago to take herself out of the running.

But her books are just as much at home on the favorite paperbacks table as on the dais. She’s an author you read on the train, you read in bed, you read in happiness, you read in grief. She is, perhaps more than any writer since Chekhov (with whom she is constantly, and aptly, compared) an author whose subject is simply life itself.

In her second book, “Lives of Girls and Women” (1971), she wrote something like a credo for those who cherish this type of writing: “People’s lives, in Jubilee as elsewhere, were dull, simple, amazing, and unfathomable — deep caves paved with kitchen linoleum.”

Even among writers — a notoriously discontented lot — there was none of the typical carping or ­second-guessing going on Thursday. In fact, the news of her prize set off a virtual round of toasts.

Among the revelers was the short-story writer Jim Shepard, who said: “I imagine fiction writers everywhere today are celebrating the Nobel Committee having gotten it exactly right. There’s probably no one alive who’s better at the craft of the short story, or who has done more to revolutionize the use of time in that form, the result often being a 20-page story that demonstrates the breadth and scope of a novel.”

And Elizabeth Strout, author of “Olive Kitteridge”: “Alice Munro taught me things about writing that are immeasurable; she has dared in a quiet, steady way, to go to places of deep honesty. I will always remember the first time I read her story ‘Royal Beatings.’ I thought: ‘Look what she did — she has told the truth completely.’ And reading her story ‘White Dump’ for the first time — I remember that, too. I thought, ‘Look what she does, she goes wherever she wants, and I go with her.’ The authority she brings to the page is just lovely.”

Jonathan Franzen wrote in a 2005 paean: “Reading Munro puts me in that state of quiet reflection in which I think about my own life: about the decisions I’ve made, the things I’ve done and haven’t done, the kind of person I am, the prospect of death. She is one of the handful of writers, some living, most dead, whom I have in mind when I say that fiction is my religion.”

It’s somehow incongruous to imagine, but Munro will travel to Stockholm in December, climb onto the stage, and give a gracious, fitting speech.

Literature is one of those realms in which giving out prizes can seem not merely dubious but positively obtuse. Books like Munro’s are so deeply personal and idiosyncratic that it feels like a violation to subject them to the crude business of committee meetings and PR releases; you might as well storm a butterfly den with a klieg light.

But today, and from now on, that den will be a good deal more crowded. Alice Munro is a Nobel laureate, and the only natural response is delight. And then, of course, once the euphoria of justice done has passed, to pay the tribute that is beyond the power of any prize committee, even the one in Stockholm, to issue: to read her.

Dolnick is the author of “At the Bottom of Everything.”