纳博科夫的立场:捍卫个性自由

【按】本文已全文发表在《解放军外国语学院学报》2012年第五期(pp.106-110)。

纳博科夫的立场:捍卫个性自由

——论作为标签的“洛丽塔”和作为自由化身的阿达

 

自《洛丽塔》诞生以来的50多年时间里,围绕这部作品的国内外研究成果可谓层出不穷,硕果累累。然而在针对被叫作“洛丽塔”的女孩的研究评论方面,给笔者留下深刻印象的,还是英国著名小说家、诗人、批评家金斯利·艾米斯(Kinsley Amis)的一句话:“洛丽塔是一幅真正意义上的‘肖像’(portrait):她受到全心全意的关注和倾听,却从来没有人与之交流;她始终都只被当作发泄欲望的对象,却从来没有得到足够的理解”(qtd. in Page, 1982:106)。艾米斯所说的“肖像”可以理解为一个被剥离了所有人的本质属性的完全被塑造出来的物品。艾米斯的话引发了笔者的一个思考:是谁在用“洛丽塔”这个称谓?“洛丽塔”是女孩的真名吗?其实答案非常清楚,“洛丽塔”只是亨伯特给那个小女孩贴上的一个标签。确切地说,我们应该叫她“多洛雷兹·海兹”,或者叫她的昵称,“多莉”。那么,在“洛丽塔”的标签下到底隐藏着什么?此外,与“洛丽塔”形成鲜明对照的阿达同样颇多争议。在她身上,纳博科夫又寄予了何种深意?

“洛丽塔”:一个标签

小说开始,鳏夫亨伯特用诗化的语言讲述他对那个12岁的幼女“洛丽塔”的倾慕和迷恋。虽然他的冷漠和贪欲、自私和自负很快就在他对自己的描述中表露无疑,但是他对“洛丽塔”的所谓爱还是得以极度夸大地表现了出来。作为写于狱中的这份自白书,亨伯特的目的其实非常明确。他就是要人们相信他的爱情故事——当“恋幼女癖”表现为突破世俗窠臼的爱情,当他所恋的幼女慢慢成长为少妇,而他还在坚守着对“洛丽塔”的爱情,那么他过去所做的一切就可以合法化。他也就不会遭受到任何道义上的谴责。应该说,在这一点上,亨伯特几乎获得了胜利,有不少批评家就是把这部作品当作一部爱情故事来解读的[1];也有研究者撰文为“了不起”的亨伯特的行为进行辩护[2]

然而,人们无论如何不能够忽略的一点是,当亨伯特走进多莉(“洛丽塔”)的家门的时候,出现在他面前的只是一个懵懂无知、满脑子天真烂漫的小女孩。她的房间总是凌乱不堪,各种小物件摆放得到处都是;她喜欢用脚趾夹起地上的东西,再抛到垃圾桶里去;她说起话来满嘴故作老练的俚语;她喜欢明星杂志、奶糖和苏打饮料。所有这些小孩子的无邪天真、好奇和喜欢引人关注的特性在亨伯特那里却都成了有意的挑逗,成了令他神魂颠倒的小孩兮兮的粗俗。因为亨伯特在用自己已然固有的所谓“性感少女”模式来解读,甚至规范着多莉的一切。

实际上,亨伯特从一开始就有意忽略多莉的儿童本质。他用大量的篇幅来证明多莉就是他的“洛丽塔”。其实质是将他自己的想象强加给懵懂无知的多莉。同时也是他欺骗读者的一种手段。对于亨伯特所谓的 “粗俗”说,纳博科夫本人就曾在他的文学讲稿中专门谈到过。他特别强调指出,只有真正的成年人才可能成为粗俗的人,“因为那些看似流露出粗俗特点的孩童,或者少年,其实只是一只模仿那些已经习惯成自然的粗俗者的鹦鹉”(Nabokov, 1981:309)[3]。多莉充其量就是这样的一只鹦鹉。她模仿的对象就是那些刊登在时尚杂志上的明星们。至于亨伯特为什么要顺势将本不属于多莉的粗俗强加于她,原因非常简单,因为这是他本人粗俗本质的一种需要和表现。 Continue reading

2012年度美国国家图书奖短名单揭晓!

在我们广大的中国读者欢庆第一位拥有中国国籍的用汉语进行创作的作家获得诺贝尔文学奖之际,美国国家图书奖评审委员会公布了本年度进入角逐国家图书奖(National Book Award)的5位候选人名单。其中,已经享有较高声誉的朱诺特·迪亚兹(Junot Diaz)、罗伊斯·艾尔德里奇(Louise Erdrich)和戴夫·艾格尔斯(Dave Eggers)榜上有名。另外两位则是凭借处女作跻身短名单的凯文·鲍尔斯(Kevin Powers)和本·方丹(Ben Fountain)。该项奖励的最终结果将于11月14日在纽约公布。

以下是来自USA Today的相关报道:

进入国家图书奖短名单的作品。上面一行为虚构类作品(Fiction);下面一行为非虚构类作品(Non-Fiction)。

Diaz, Erdrich, Eggers earn National Book Award noms

Three novelists who’ve gained literary respect as well as commercial success — Junot Diaz, (This is How You Lose Her), Louise Erdrich (The Round House) and Dave Eggers (A Hologram for the King) — are among the finalists for the National Book Award for fiction announced Wednesday.

Junot Diaz

The other two finalists are debut novels about the war in Iraq and its aftermath: Kevin Powers’ and Ben Fountain’s Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.

The five finalists for the non-fiction award include The Passage of Power, Robert Caro’s fourth book on Lyndon Johnson; Behind the Beautiful Forevers, Katherine Boo’s account of life in a Mumbai slum; and House of Stone, a memoir, set mostly in Lebanon, by Anthony Shadid, a Lebanese-American reporter who died in February at 43 while covering the civil war in Syria for The New York Times.

The awards — rivaled in the book world only by the Pulitzers — were announced on on MSNBC’s Morning Joe, the first time in the awards’ 62-year history that the finalists were revealed on TV. In the past, they were announced at a literary site, such as William Faulkner’s home in Oxford, Miss., or City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco.

And in contrast to recent years, when many of finalists and even the winners were not well known, this year’s selections include several books that not only got rave reviews but landed on USA TODAY’s Best-Selling Books List:

— Caro, whose third book on LBJ, Master of the Senate, won a National Book Award in 2003, reached No. 15 with his latest book that opens with a vivid description of the Kennedy assassination from Johnson’s perspective.

— Diaz, a native of the Dominican Republic who grew up in New Jersey and now teaches at MIT, hit No. 29 on the list with his latest, a collection of linked stories about love, or its lack. It features the novelist’s alter ego, Yunior, from Diaz’s novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 2008.

— Boo’s first book, based on her reporting in Mumbai for The New Yorker, reached No. 28 on the list, driven mostly by rave reviews. It got 3 and 1/2 stars from USA TODAY’s Deirdre Donahue who called it “original, detailed and so unbelievably sad, it makes Slumdog Millionaire (the hit move) seem almost like a romantic comedy.”

And while Eggers’ and Erdrich’s latest novels – hers is about an attack on a woman at an Ojibwe reservation in North Dakota; his is about a struggling American businessman in Saudi Arabia — haven’t made the best-selling list so far this year, they’ve had best sellers before, including Eggers’ A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius in 2000 and Erdrich’s The Master Butcher’s Singing Club in 2004.

Anthony Shadid

The other finalists this year are:

Non-fiction: Anne Applebaum’s Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1945-1956 and Domingo Martinez’s The Boy Kings of Texas, a debut memoirs about coming of age in Brownsville, on the border with Mexico.

Young People’s Literature: William Alexander’s Goblin Secrets, Carrie Arcos’ Out of Reach, Patricia McCormick’s Never Fall Down, Eliot Schrefer’s Endangered, and Steve Sheinkin’s Bomb: The Race to Build — and Steal — the World’s Most Dangerous Weapons.

Poetry: David Ferry’s Bewilderment: New Poems and Translations, Cynthia Huntington’s Heavenly Bodies, Tim Seibles’ Fast Animal, Alan Shapiro’s Night of the Republic and Susan Wheeler’s Meme.

The four winners, selected by five-member panels of other writers, will be announced at a black-tie gala in New York City, Nov. 14, hosted by Faith Salie, the actress, comedian and former Rhodes Scholar.

Winners receive $10,000 each, and a boost in their literary reputations and book sales. To. be eligible, a book must be published in the USA between Dec. 1, 2011, and Nov. 30, 2012, and be written by a U.S. citizen.

The awards are sponsored by the National Book Foundation, which is supported by the publishing industry.

 

 

流亡英国的叙利亚女作家萨马尔·亚兹贝克获得本年度品特文学奖de英勇作家奖

流亡英国的叙利亚女作家萨马尔·亚兹贝克(Samar Yazbek)与英国桂冠诗人卡罗尔·安·达菲(Carol Ann Duffy)一起分享了2012年度品特文学奖(Pen Pinter Literary Prize)。桂冠诗人达菲已于2012年7月获颁品特文学奖。该项奖励中还有一项“英勇作家奖”(the Writer of Courage Award)是专门奖励国际上那些遭受迫害但依然勇敢反抗,坚持自己的信仰,敢于发出声音的作家的。获选作家由已经获得品特文学奖的作家提名。萨马尔·亚兹贝克因而获此殊荣。以下是BBC提供的相关介绍:

Syrian writer Samar Yazbek to share Pinter prize

Exiled Syrian author Samar Yazbek is to share this year’s Pen Pinter literary prize with poet Carol Ann Duffy.

The author has been a vocal critic of President Assad’s regime

Yazbek is being recognised for her book A Woman In The Crossfire, which is based on diaries she kept during the early stages of the Syrian conflict.

It details how her outspoken views against President Assad’s government led to persecution, and her decision to flee Syria with her young daughter.

Duffy, who is Poet Laureate, was named the winner of the main prize in July.

The annual award – in memory of the playwright Harold Pinter – is given to a British writer of outstanding literary merit.

The winner then chooses a recipient for the Writer Of Courage Award, which recognises an international writer who has been persecuted for speaking out about their beliefs.

Duffy was given a shortlist by the English Pen Writers At Risk Committee, and made her announcement at the British Library on Monday night.

Yazbek said: “I am grateful to English Pen, and to Carol Ann Duffy, for selecting this book, and through it, for supporting our cause.”

Lady Antonia Fraser, Harold Pinter’s widow, added: “Carol Ann Duffy’s recognition of Samar Yazbek’s courage in writing about Syria’s revolution from the inside could not come at a more appropriate time”.

‘Raw passion’

Born in 1970, Yazbek comes from the same Alawite clan as President Bashar al-Assad.

Prior to the uprising, she wrote extensively on women’s issues in newspapers and journals, while challenging taboos in her novels.

Her second novel Salsal (Clay) cast a critical eye over the power of the military, while Cinnamon – which is due to be published in the UK next month – looks at the social divide in Syria through the prism of a servant who enters into a lesbian relationship with her employer.

When protests against the Syrian government began last March, she voiced her support online. She received hate mail, her family disowned her and, eventually, she was arrested and shown the cells she would be kept in, if she continued to support the rebels.

After further intimidation, she fled to Paris in July 2011 – although she has said: “I return all the time, but in secrecy. Undercover.”

Woman In The Crossfire tells the story of the first few months of the uprising, via her own story and testimony from ordinary Syrians.

The Spectator praised the book’s “uncompromising reportage from a doomed capital”, while the Washington Post said it “brought the cause of the opposition – and its raw human passion for liberation – into focus”.

The UN estimates that more than 20,000 people have died in the conflict in Syria, while hundreds of thousands more have fled over the country’s borders.

Tensions with neighbouring Turkey have escalated over the last week, after Syrian mortar rounds landed in the Turkish town of Akcakale, killing five.

 

云台山之红石峡和潭瀑峡

9月24日,2012年全国当代外国文学研讨会组委会组织了赴云台山的文化考察。参观游览了云台山景区之中的红石峡和潭瀑峡。两处景区都以峡谷和瀑布取胜。山清水秀,景色迷人,让人心旷神怡!

俯瞰红石峡

从潭瀑峡谷底往上看,U形的山峰给人坐井观天之感。

山上虽然有点儿雾气昭昭,但河水清澈,倒影迷人。

 

 

凭借《狼厅》荣获2009年度布克奖的希拉里·曼托尔再度入围2012年度布克奖短名单·短名单及简介

凭借《狼厅》荣获2009年度布克奖的希拉里·曼托尔再度入围2012年度布克奖短名单

Man Booker Prize: Hilary Mantel makes shortlist

Mantel’s Bring Up the Bodies, a fictional account of Thomas Cromwell’s life, is one of six titles in contention, as is Will Self‘s Umbrella.

Tan Twan Eng and Deborah Levy have also made the shortlist, as have first-time novelists Alison Moore and Jeet Thayi.

2012曼布克奖短名单:

The winner will be announced on 16 October

Man Booker Prize – 2012 shortlist

  • Tan Twan Eng – The Garden of Evening Mists
  • Deborah Levy – Swimming Home
  • Hilary Mantel – Bring Up the Bodies
  • Alison Moore – The Lighthouse
  • Will Self – Umbrella
  • Jeet Thayil – Narcopolis

入围2012布克奖短名单作品简介

THE GARDEN OF EVENING MISTS – TAN TWAN ENG

The Garden of Evening Mists  by Tan Twan Eng

Publisher: Myrmidon Books

About the book: Set in Malaya just after World War II, The Garden of Evening Mists follows young law graduate Yun Ling Teoh, a survivor of a Japanese prison camp, as she seeks solace among the plantations of the Cameron Highlands.

There she discovers Yugiri, the only Japanese garden in Malaya, and its owner and creator, the secretive Aritomo.

Aritomo agrees to accept Yun Ling as his apprentice “until the monsoon”, so that she can design a garden in memorial to her sister who died in the prison camp.

About the author: Tan Twan Eng’s first novel, The Gift of Rain, was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2007. Born in 1972 in Penang, he lived in various places in Malaysia as a child.

He studied law at the University of London and later worked as lawyer in Kuala Lumpur. He has a first-dan ranking in aikido and currently lives in Cape Town.

The judges said: “In some of the most poised, precise prose offered to us this year, it’s the story of a Japanese garden created in honour of a Japanese victim of war and is sternly paced to match its subject.

“One of us likened its beauty to that of slowly clashing icebergs. And we all admired the serenity of the gardener, the former servant of the emperor, who is one of the most memorable characters in all the 30,000 pages or so we read this year.”

SWIMMING HOME – DEBORAH LEVY

Swimming Home by Deborah Levy

Publisher: And Other Stories/Faber & Faber

About the book: Swimming Home explores the harm that depression can have on apparently stable people. The tautly structured story unfolds over a week in a summer villa in the French Riviera.

About the author: Born in 1959, Deborah Levy writes fiction, plays and poetry. Her work has been staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company and her previous novels include Beautiful Mutants, Swallowing Geography and Billy and Girl.

Swimming Home is her first novel in more than 10 years. Traditional publishers turned down the novel and it only made it into print following the help of supporters and friends and through the use of subscription. It was serialised on Radio 4 as a Book at Bedtime.

The judges said: “It seems simple enough: a holiday villa in France, a pool, Bohemian families at play and the young intruder who comes to stay. But this is much more than a story of a snake in the grass.

“Inconvenient truth is etched into Levy’ s idyll in subtle, obliquely outlined ways. Some of them gently literary, others acid and raw. There is a technical artistry, glowing prose, an intimate exposure of loss and a little Gatsby too.”

BRING UP THE BODIES – HILARY MANTEL

Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel

Publisher: Fourth Estate

About the book: Bring Up the Bodies is the second in Mantel’s trilogy on Thomas Cromwell, chief Minister to Henry VIII. Set over a year, the story begins in 1535. Anne Boleyn has failed bear a son to secure the Tudor line, and Henry develops a dangerous attraction to Wolf Hall’s Jane Seymour.

About the author: Mantel, who won the Man Booker in 2009 with Wolf Hall, is the only novelist to have featured on the shortlist of six before. Born in Derbyshire in 1952, she studied Law at the London School of Economics and Sheffield University.

She lived in Botswana for five years and Saudi Arabia for four before returning to Britain in the mid-1980s. Her books include Fludd (1989), A Place of Greater Safety (1992) and Beyond Black (2005). She was awarded a CBE in 2006.

The judges said: “There’s been discussion about the pros and cons of Mantel advancing in the prize again so soon.

“The judges this year noted her even greater mastery of method now, her powerful realism in the separation of past and present and the vivid depiction of English character and landscape.”

THE LIGHTHOUSE – ALISON MOORE

The Lighthouse by Alison Moore

Publisher: Salt Publishing

About the book: Futh, a middle-aged man whose marriage has collapsed, takes a North Sea ferry to Germany for a week’s walking holiday.

But he is haunted by his mother’s abandonment of him as a boy and his first trip to Germany with his newly single father.

About the author: Alison Moore’s short stories have been published in various magazines and anthologies. She has been shortlisted for the Bridport Prize and the Manchester Fiction Prize, and for the Scott Prize for her first collection.

She won first prize in the novella category of The New Writer Prose and Poetry Prizes. Born in Manchester in 1971, she lives near Nottingham with her husband and son.

The judges said: “A bleak inner landscape, written with a temperature control set very low and an acute sense of smell.”

UMBRELLA – WILL SELF

Umbrella by Will Self

Publisher: Bloomsbury

About the book: Umbrella is a non-linear, stream of consciousness novel that spans an entire century. The novel comprises some 400 pages with no chapter divisions and almost without paragraph breaks.

The story follows a misdiagnosed woman in a north London mental hospital, her family and her doctor. The woman, Audrey Death, is a feminist who falls victim to the “sleeping sickness” – encephalitis lethargica – epidemic that rages across Europe after World War I.

The doctor, Zack Busner, spends a summer waking the post-encephalitic patients under his care using a new and powerful drug.

About the author: This is novelist and journalist Will Self’s first brush with the Booker. Born in 1961, he is the author of many novels and books of non-fiction.

They include How the Dead Live, which was shortlisted for the Whitbread Novel of the Year in 2002, and The Butt, winner of the Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction 2008. He lives in South London.

The judges said: “This novel is both moving and draining. The judges placed Umbrella on the shortlist with the conviction that those who stick with it will find it much less difficult than it first seems.”

NARCOPOLIS – JEET THAYIL

Narcopolis by Jeet Thayil

Publisher: Faber & Faber

About the book: Jeet Thayil’s first novel Narcopolis is set around a Bombay opium den in the 1970s and ’80s, with a cast of pimps, pushers, poets, gangsters and eunuchs.

Critics have likened Narcopolis to William Burroughs’s Junky and Thomas de Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.

About the author: Poet, songwriter and guitarist, Jeet Thayil was born in Kerala, India in 1959 and educated in Hong Kong, New York and Bombay.

He has published four collections of poetry and is the editor of The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets (2008). He lives in New Delhi.

The judges said: “Bombay is the first and last word of this first novel, an urban history written by a former drug addict through the changing composition of opiates and the changing characters of their users.

“Poetry is not often a stepping stone to the novel, but we very much admired his perfumed prose from the drug dens and back streets of India’s most concentrated conurbation.”

《后现代主义:文学与批评》课程PDF阅读材料下载

为上一年级的研究生同学们贴过。可能不好找了。为方便大家下载阅读,在此再贴一遍:

Postmodern Literary Theory: an introduction (点击这里下载压缩包)

Postmodern Literary Theory: an anthology (点击这里下载压缩包) 【注:这部分属于补充阅读材料,与Lecture 2~7相对应,顺序阅读Genre, Ethics, Cyber, Text, Post, Postscript】

Postmodern Fiction: short stories (点击这里下载压缩包)

请选择这门课程的同学们务必在每次上课前完成相关的阅读内容,以便能够真正参与到课堂讨论中来。非常感谢!祝大家学习愉快!